Propuesta Bases de datos

Propuesta preliminar del IEHA para crear una infraestructura mundial de bases de datos estadísticos en historia económica. Esta propuesta se discutió en el Congreso de Buenos Aires en 2002, pero hasta la fecha no se ha concretado. Es una excelente idea, pero requiere de más trabajo a partir de sugerencias que Ustedes y los demás miembros de la IEHA puedan hacernos llegar y a Jan Luiten Van Zanden, vicepresidente de la IEHA, y coordinador del Congreso en Utrecht.

Para que pueda avanzar necesitamos que mande sus sugerencias.

After the reforms of the 1998-2002, the executive committee of the IEHA may consider taking up the discussion again of the future role of the organization in promoting economic history. It is clear that we should continue to organize the World Economic History Congress, but should we also develop new plans and programs?

A starting point of a new debate on this may be that the IEHA is the only truly global organization in the field of economic history. This simple fact may lead to two different ways to look at the role of the IEHA.

One is that we should concentrate on organizing an optimal global infrastructure for economic historians. In particular the Internet has changed the way we can exchange information in such a radical way, that we should perhaps think of ways to improve the already excellent infrastructure that is at present provided by the Eh.net.

This part of the program I would like to call the WWI: the creation of a Worldwide Infrastructure for Economic-Historical Research.

Another consequence of the fact that the IEHA is the only global organization in its field may be that we might play a role in supporting the development of economic-historical research and education in the regions in which our specialization is still rather weak and not/under-organized. There are a number of core regions in which research and education in economic history is concentrated and organized quite well: Europe, the US, Japan in particular, but also in Australia, in parts of Latin America, China and India. But there are also clear gaps in this map: Africa (apart from perhaps the South), Eastern Europe (where it has been on the decline) and South-East Asia (with the exception of South Korea) are the most obvious 'weak spots'. Is there a role to play for the IEHA in this respect? This part of the program I would like to call WWT: the creation of Worldwide Training Courses in Economic History (ROUND TABLE 2)

ROUND TABLE 1. WORLD WIDE INFRASTRUCTURE

Let me begin by stating that the EH.Net is an excellent organization that is obviously doing a lot in organizing a worldwide infrastructure for economic-historical research. Any initiative in this field will have to be cooperative with the EH.Net. But perhaps we can try to do a bit more, and profit even more from the World Wide Web.

What I would like to suggest is the following. Increasingly, economic-historical researchers use large databases that are constructed by themselves or by other scholars. Data on historical national accounts, wages and prices, historical-demography, monetary phenomena (interest rates, money supply, exchange rates), heights (from ancient skeletons to 20th century recruits), governments expenditures and taxation, international trade and capital flows etc. in many ways form the solid basis for our kind of research. The creation of a database often is the most labor-intensive part of a project, and its quality to a large extent determines the quality of its outcomes. Yet, after the publication of the results of a research project, most databases tend to be neglected, and remain the sole property of the scholar who has constructed it. Some scholars tend to monopolize access to their data - or even worse, prefer to throw the data away after finishing the project, or store them in such a way that they are inaccessible for other researchers. This makes it often very difficult to do international-comparative research, or more in general to build upon the work that often have done.

One example of how it can be organized differently. Angus Maddison has and still is the focal point of the economic-historical research on (historical) national accounts. He knew everyone working in this field -from India to Chile- and stimulated this kind of research enormously (as a true leader he might ask you: what did you to for GDP this week?). He collected the results of the work of all these scholars himself, compared them internationally, and published the results of this endeavor once every ten years or so. This gave an enormous impulse to this kind of research, and created a framework for international comparative work which is - in my not very impartial view - among the strongest sub-disciplines in our field. It is not clear how long Angus will be able to continue this kind of work. Moreover, given the possibilities of the Internet, one may even think of other, even more transparent way to bring these data together and publish international-comparative results.

Another example, from a more distant past, is the work done by the International Scientific Committee for on Price History, which already in the 1930s created a framework for the international comparative study of wages and prices. Their efforts to foster international comparative research into this topic has resulted in a large number of important studies in this field, which use more or less the same methodology to publish data of wages and prices in Europe in the period before the Industrial Revolution.

Given the internet, we can perhaps try to realize the same objectives in the following way: we need central hubs in the networks of economic-historical research which concentrate -as Angus Maddison did- on the collection, storage and publication of relevant data bases. This means, to begin with, that we have to introduce the rule that researchers make their databases accessible to others (after the most important publications based on them have been published). They either do this on a site at their own research institute (with a hyperlink to the relevant 'hub'), or send the data and a description of the way in which they are collected and constructed to the 'hub', which then makes this information accessible to all (see for an example the publication of the results of the project on the reconstruction of the national accounts of the Netherlands in the 19th century on national accounts www.niwi.knaw.nl).

This 'hub' may be a group of scholars who specialize in this field -for example the 'pupils' of Maddison at Groningen University- who organize workshops and conferences on the topic, and publish once every five or ten years a review of the state of the art of the discipline (much like Maddison has done). On the one hand, this means a large investment in maintaining and extending the data bases, and publishing the results of their comparative work, but the benefits of being such a hub are also substantial, especially when their publications are going to be considered the standard of this specialization (again, think of the influence of the work of Maddison). For individual scholars this would mean that via the internet they would get access to the data bases in a particular field, which would enhance the prospects of international-comparative research enormously. Of course, the success of such a new infrastructure would depend a lot on the willingness of scholars to accept the new rule that data bases have to be stored and made accessible to others. Perhaps one might even consider that journals introduce this rule as a precondition for accepting papers, which are based on new data bases, after all, the principle that it should be possible to repeat and test research is at stake.

I can think of the following clusters of data, which might lend themselves to this kind of organization:

Historical national accounts. The Groningen Growth and Development Center, the group of Maddison and Van Ark are already very busy in this field (see their Internet site at www.eco.rug.nl/ggdc/)

Historical wages and prices. I have to admit that I have developed a similar initiative at the Amsterdam based International Institute of Social History -see www.iisg.nl/hpw/ historical microdata for population research. A research project led by Robert McCaa at the University of Ottawa is collecting and comparing in particular census-data at the micro-level; see: http://www.biblio.uottawa.ca/globe/statdata-e.html

Data on income distribution has been collected by Deininger and Squire for the World Bank, some of them going back to the 19th century, and have been published on www.worldbank.org; but much can still be done on this issue.

Heights: my impression is that this is a very tight network, which should be able to organize such a 'hub' (by John Komlos or Steckel?)

Government expenditure and taxation. (A large database collected by the participants of a European Science Foundation project organized by Richard Bonney concerning the early modern period has been published on: www.le.ac.uk/hi/bon/ESFDB/, but this is also a fine example of the many improvements that can still be made in this field).

At ROUND TABLE 1 in Buenos Aires (on Wednesday, 14.00-1545, room Sauce) this idea will be discussed. Perhaps we can form a working group to organize the establishment of such hubs.

ROUND TABLE 2. WORLD WIDE TRAINING COURSES

What can the IEHA do for the regions in the world in which the profession is not booming, and scholars tend to be rather isolated and perhaps not always trained very well? Obviously, it is beyond our means to change things fundamentally, but we might try to do the following. Within Europe two initiatives for 'pan-European' training of Ph.D. students have been relatively successful: Ester (organized by the Posthumus Institute) and the summer schools organized by the EHES (the body which also publishes the European Review of Economic History). Both initiatives concentrate on the organization of seminars/summer schools, in which Ph.D. students present their research (or an outline of their Ph.D. project), which is discussed and evaluated by a team of distinguished scholars. The formula is rather 'light' (the expenses are restricted to the organization of these seminars) but the impact on the quality of the work of the Ph.D. students has been quite large (the participants tend to assume). Perhaps more important: the Ph.D. students are being trained in presenting their work for an international audience, and come in contact with a few of the 'celebrities' of the profession, who might help them during the next stages of their career (see for more information on ESTER: http://www.rug.nl/posthumus/esterinternationalprogram/index, and for the summer school of the EHES.

It is perhaps possible to extend this model to a global one, and organize Worldwide Training Courses for Ph.D. students from - especially - those regions in which this kind of training is either absent or underdeveloped. This would mean either to broaden the basis of the seminars that are already organized in Europe (but the number of students wishing to participate in them is already more than can be accommodated), or to organize comparable seminars outside Europe - in Southeast Asia, or South Africa for example.

At ROUND TABLE 2 (Tuesday 16:15-1800, Room: Sauce) this proposal can be discussed, and we might again try to form a working group. One of the participants at the Round Table will be Angelique Janssens, the organizer of the ESTER seminars, who will tell about this formula.

If you are interested in participation in either one of the round tables, or if have any queries about them, please send an email to Jan Luiten van Zanden.